Nizaan nai April (16/4/2020) ah Coronavirus Raichia he thir le phang in kan um lio ah thawng thalo chin Lihnin nih Chin ram a hun hninh than. Phuat lo le phuat lo ai phua, minung kan him ca ah hna a ngam lehlam. Halkha UPC Biakinn belte a cung celing a thlak hna. Dawr cheukhat thlalang zong an kiak. Thilri zeimawzat zong an rawk tiah chikkhat te thawng a hung puang. Kan lau ngai cio. Rawn lei cu a kan phan hraw lo. Tlanglei hoih in ai hninh ca ah a si deuh lai. Kan ram cozah Khuati Zungpi (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology) nih 6.1 Richter Scale asi tiah a thanh nain, US Geological Survey nih 5.9 asi tiah an langhter ve. Zei va si khom ah (6) cu a phan tinak asi. Lihninh tahnak ah 6 Richter Scale cung hi a fah ai thawk cang. Richter Scale paruk cung hin cun innchung thilri zong a thui khawh hna i, tlakrawh vampang zong an kiak bul kho cang tiah fimthiam hna nih an chim tawn. A thaizaan ah 3.6 Richter Scale nih a hun hninh than. Lihnin ai peh ngai.

Chin ram ah li aa hnin ee tiah thawng a hun than paoh ahhin ka lung ah “duk” tiah a hung chuak tawnmi cu “Sagaing Fault” kong lengmang asi. Geological lei hi ka cawng lo nain a hngalh ka duh ngai. Fing le tlang le vawlei titsa umtuning hna hi umhar pheng ah ka rel samsam tawn. Sagain Fault kong hi Pu Zipeng Ni Kung nih Muko Mekazin (asi rua) ah a rak tialmi ka rak rel. Cu hnu cun Sagain Fault kong hi Lihninh fatin ka lung ah a chuak peng. Kan vawlei khuacaan thlennak, ti le ram kong hi hngalh a phu ngaingai ko tiah ka ruah ca ah capar sau nawn tein ka van thai. A ralaimi kan chan ah Chinram nih fak tuk in a ton khawh te dingmi pawngkam rawhralnak tiin tlang ka van tar ko. Zeidah kan ton lai? Chanthar ah zawtnak, rawhnak le thih le lohnak lawngte aa tthuanh ttung ai!

Sagaing Fault kong ruah fatin te hun char lo awk a tha lomi cu kan vawlei pumpi titsa kong hi asi theo. Kan vawleipi hi vawlei titsa ai sersiam ning ah thaitholh bang kak sual lo tein hrual in pumh mi asi lo. Vawlei muru (inner core, Meihang in tuammi thirthap (outer core), Kan vawlei titsa chang lunghak thap Mantle (meng 1800 tiang a chah an ti) le kan vawlei titsa tiin ai ser. Kan vawlei titsa thap pi hi a tanglei ah meng 80-120 tiang a va chah ve ee ti asi. Cu thappi phar (15) hrawng ah ai tthen ee ti asi. Phar tthen puam deuhdeuh tthen sarih (Major plate or seven continents) tiah kawh an si. Cu ruang ah vawleicung ah Vawleithen (Continents) pasarih an um tinak zong cu asi ko. A dang hi cu Secondary plates tiah an kawh ve hna. Cu vawlei phar le tthen pawl cu Tectonic Plate tiah kawh an si ve. Vawlei phar pawl hi an um bon ah um loin kum million an tar pah in an i thawn ve lengmang. Tahchunhnak ah atu India ram vawlei phar pi hoi hna khi a hlan lio kum 71 million lio ah cun atu Sri Lanka ram ahkhin a rak um ee tiah thiamsang hna nih an chim tawn. Kum khat ah 5cm in ai thawn lengmang i, nihin ah India vawlei thap pi khi, kan ram hnu lei ah a hun um khi asi ti asi. Zeiruang ah dah ai thawn tiah cun, a hnu lei ah a ummi amahnak ngan deuh Arabian Plate, South America Plate le Pacific plate hna nih a hnulei in an tawt lengmang ruangah asi. Cu tawtnak thazaang cu Kan vawlei chungril pawl nih tthawnnak (energy) a chuah ruangah acung vuan leiphar pawl kha ticung hnahchawl vuan bang a vuanter ve hna.

Kan vawlei titsa pi hi vawlei muru (inner core) tiang fek thipthep tein an vai sengh tlaih lo ruang ah a si i, a cungpalang ah vawlei khuacaan le umtuning zulh in an i thawn hna tiah a vuapvap in ka van thai. Geography a cawngmi hna nih hinak fiang hin nan kan fianh khawh lai ka zumh.

Kan Ram Vawleiphar Pawl Umtuning

Vawleicung ah a nganbik vawleiphar hi Pacific Plate ti asi. A pathumnak a nganbik hi Asia vawleiphar Eurasian Plate asi. Eurasian Vawleiphar cung ahhin atu Asia ram tambik pawl an um. Eurasian Plate chung zong ah cun a tthen tete in an hun cheu rih hna i, ASEAN ram zapi ti awk in kan umnak hi Sunda Plate ti asi. Kan nih ram vawlei tu hi khuaruahhar ngai in a um. India vawleiphar kha a hong riangmang i, Sunda Plate (Eurasian Plate) he ai tonnak hliah ciahciah kha kan ram asi ve. Cu hliahthluan cu Kawlram komh a laicir bak khin a tan le Kachin ram khin tungzulh in, Khualipi pawl a hun tancheu duahmah hna. Mandalay, Sagaing, Naypyidaw, Bago le Yangon khin chuak put in a tan I, Andaman Rilitang tiang ah a vai su. India Plate le Asia vawleiphar ai tonnak bak ah kan ram a um. Kawlram vawlei a laicir bak khi India vawlei phar ah a dong.

Kan Chin ram vawlei

Kan Chin ram vawlei hi India vawlei phar chung ah a ummi a nichuahlei ki asi. Zeiruang theng ah dah kan fingtlang hna hi an san khun timi hi nan ruat cio tawn theo lai. Leilung mansung chuak kan ngei lo ee tiah kan chim lengmang. Kan vawlei a no tuk. Zeidang chimlo, ruah fak deuh a ih sual hmanh ah lam le sul vialte an min, an cim. Kan hnu te ah Rungtlang a cim cumu! Hihi a ruang bik cu kan ram vawlei fing le tlang hna hi a luancia kum 10 million tiang hrawng ah cun rili tang ah rak um ruang bik ah si dawh asi bik ko. Pathian nih a ser ka tein a tu kan ram hi hitining tehin a rak um ko rua tiah kan rak ruahmi kha a rak si lo ai. Ai thawnmi le ai thlengmi vawlei cung ah kan um. Fing le tlang le ilhkiak lawngte kan ngeihnak zong hi India Plate nih Eurasian plate a va suknak hmurpar deuh asi ruangah namte bilhkir bang a kir dihnak hi asi kolai. Hi Indian Plate le Eurasian Plate an hun I suk bak hin Hymalya tlang timi cu a hung chuak. Vawleicung tlangsang bik ah ai chuah phah. India plate le Eurasian plate cu pafa bantukin an i hmetpuamh. Nenno deuh in mihak deuh van suk hrat cu a hmurpar a kir dih ko. India plate le Eurasian Plate an I suk ruang ahhin vawlei phar hme tete zong hi an chuak ti asi. Nitlak lei ah India plate le Eurasian plate cu dengteo deuh in an i tong. Cucu Himalayas tlang ai sernak asi. Nichuah lei kan nih vawlei hi Sunda Plate ah paisah deuh khin a vung det. Cu bantuk Paisah vawlei detnak paoh ah cun Fault timi vawlei pelh a um duh khun ee tiah thiamsang hna nih an chim theo. Cuticun Sagaing Fault pi cu a hun umnak asi theo lai.

Sagaing Vawlei Pelh (Sagaing Fault :Continental fault)

A cunglei ah ka langhter bang, India vawlei le Eurasian Plate (Sunda Plate) paisah i tonnak cu Myanmar ramkomh chung laicir bak ah 1500 Km sau in a um. Cucu Sagaing Fault tiah min pek asi. Hi Sagaing Fault hi a min a than khun nak cu paisah (Strike-slip) in vawleisa ai tonnak hmun asi ruang ah asi. An I ton lawng siloin, kumkhat ah Sagain Fault hi 18-20 mm tiang India Plate nih a thawnpi. Indian Plate pi cu nichaklei ah kumkhat ah 5 cm tluk in North East lei ah ai thawn. Eurasian Plate hi 2 cm tluk lawng ai thawn caah Indian Plate ai laklawh tuk. Cu ruangah a muihmai a kawr dih. Himalayas tlang hoi hna khi Eurasian Plate ah ai torkhar tuk ruang ah kumkhat ah 5 mm a tthang an ti. Sagaing Fault zong hi kumkhat ah 18-20 mm tluk in Sunda Plate hi paisah in a hnur. Hmunkhat ka zawnte ah tang ko in donhtu dophit a um tikah cu nih cun kum zeimaw a kham khawh nain, a tuar tilo tikah a pelh dut tawn. Cu nih cun vawlei sa a cheu, a tthenter, a sukkhut, cuticun Lihnin lianngan pi a chuahnak cu asi tawn. A cunglei ah ka langhter bang, kan vawleisa hna hi a tanglei ah meng 80-120 tiang an chah. Cu ahcun mangtara lung meng 70-80 zong an um ti asi.

Cubantuk pawl an hun kiak le an I suk ahcun a nemtuk mi vawleisa kha an khenh I, Lihnin cu a chuahnak asi. 1906 kum ah Francisco Lihnin a chuahter tu minthang San Andreas Fault (Movie zong an chuah bal) he khin Sagaing Fault hi an sining ai khat ngaingai ti asi. Kha kum ah US ram ah minung 3,000 nunnak a rak liam. Sagaing Vawlei Pelh zong hi Sagaing Fault zong hi caan saupi chung a cawlcang mi (seismic activity) ngiathlai bikmi Vawlei Pelh pakhat ah a cang. A mah thawnghin Kawlram hoi hna hngalh asi theo hmanh maw. Sagaing Fault ttih a nunnak cu 7 Richter Scale Lihnin tiang a chuahter khawh ruangah asi. 1930 ah Sagaing Fault cu a rak pelh. Bago kam in 7.3 Richter Scale in a tho. Rawn ram a rak den ciammam i, ramchung ah minung 500 an rak thi. Yangon khua lawngah minung 50 an rak thi. Kha lio ah Yangon khua a rak hmete rih. A tambik minung 400,000 hrawng an rak um. A tu ah 2.5 million kan um cang. 11th November 2012 ahkhan Thabeikkyin earthquake a chuak. Minung (26) nunnak a liam. 2016 kum April thla zong ah a rak I hninh ruang ah Kawlrawn pura cei lak a rak thluk hna. A fiangmi cu Lihninh a chuahter khotu vawlei pelh kam te ah kan um tihi asi.

Chin Ram Zong Nih Fault Kan Ngei Ve

Chin ram nih Fault kan ngei ve hun ti ahcun kan lau tuk sual hnga maw? A hngalmi zong kan tampi kho. Chin ram kan kam te ah Fault sau mi kan ngei ve taktak ko. Cucu nizaan nai April (16) lihnin ai thawknak Falam in meng (23) ai hlatnak Runva chuak zawn kha asi. 2012 ahkhan Earth Quake observatory of Singapore nih Sagain Fault kong an chiimnak ah Myanmar ramchung ah active fault pawl Satellite Data hmanthlak an chuahpi. Cu chungah Chinram kulh le Sagaine ramthen aitonnak ramri zawn, Chinram laitan Gangaw khin nichaklei ah ai rin ziahmah i, Sagaing ram Aungzayya khua kam tiang a kai.

Cucu Thrust Fault asi tiah an langhter. Cupin ah Runva chuak in Chin ram chung lei deuh ahkhin Fault tawite a um than. Cuka zaw te cu hlah maw nizan nai ah a pelh i, ai hnin mi kha a si kho tiah kei nih cun ka hei purh dah colh. A ngaingai ah cun Thrust Fault kong hi Scientists pawl hmanh nih an ruahdamh khawh setsai lomi asi. A ruangcu a pelh tikah a langlo ti asi. Thrust Fault kong a phun tampi in a um. A tam lai ca ah capar dang in chuahpi khawh kai zuam telai ka ti. A tlangpi in Chin ram nih kan ngeihmi Fault hi leilung tar cangmi hmunkhat kha leilung no nih a cunglei in a det tikah a chuak mi asi ti asi. Kan chim bang kan Chinram vawlei hi vawlei dang sin ah a no tuk rih. Kawlrawn vawlei khi Indian Plate kizum nih a suk i, ai kalpi chihmi leilung upa ngai asi tiah Geologist pawl nih an chim. Cu ca ah Kawlrawn (Kalay Valley) hrawng leilung khi vawlei kum upa asi deuh kho. Khi vawlei phar cungcuang in kan vawlei nih a hun tawt tikah Sagaing ramthen le Chin ramkulh ri ah Thrust Fault a umnak hi asi lai tiah keimah pumpak ruahnak in ka hei purh.

Runva Fault Kan Ti Ne Lai Maw?

Fault hi a min an pek duahmah ve hna. Chin ram zong Fault sau nawnpi nih kan kiang in a kan um hnawh ve. Sagain Fault zong nih a kan hlat fawn lo. Nihin ah kan hun ton cuahmah mi Lihnin cu Runva kam in a thawh ca ah kan Chinram ah Runva Fault tiah min ka hun bunh ve (Min um cang sehlaw theih lo). Thrust Fault timi pawl hi leilung kum upa le leilung kum no an isuk tikah a chuakmi asi. Cu ca ah Leilung no deuh kha namte par bilh in an i bil ziahmah ve hna i, cu I bilnak nih cun Lihnin a chuahpi khawh ve. Lihnin a thawn le thawn lo tu cu vawlei sa ai bilning le leilung tang lung hna an I sersiam ning zulh in a si lai. Nizaan nai ah 6 Richter Scale nih a kan phak tikah thinphang cu asi. Runva Fault nih lihnin fak a kan pek sual ahcun, kan Chin ram ca ah zeidah a cang kho lai, ruah awk a har ngaingai.

Chin Ram Le Lihnin

Kan Chinram tuanbia ah Lihnin nih mi a kan thiao le nunnak a kan lak ngaingai hi a um hraw rih lo. Mincimh le vawlei tolh deuh hi chanthar ah kan hun ton. Asinain, kan daithlan awk le ruah lo in kan um awk cu asi hrimhrim ti lo. Nihin kan vawlei khuacaan chiat lak ah fak piin ralrin kan herh. Kan vawlei kong kan cawn le kan hlathlai deuh a herh ko. Nihin kan chan ah cun, 4 Richter Scale in a cunglei nih Landslide a chuahter khawh tiah hlathlaitu hna nih an chim. Chinram ah kan ttih bikmi cu leimin a si. Khuate le a thangcho tuk rihlo mi hmun ah Lihninh nih innlo a hrawkhral khawh hi a tlawm. Kan lamsul, tlangsang tang um kan nih ca ah, ruahsurh hmanh a celh tuk lomi kan vawlei nih Lihnin fak nih a kan den sual ahcun, leicimh le tlangcimh kan tong kholo kan ti kho lo. Khuapi um kan ca ah phan awk a um ngaimi cu chanthar le kan innsak asi telai.

Ram thancho nak ah innlo tha sak asi lai. Asinain, Quality chia tuk in tlakrawh inn kan sak ahcun, voikhat a kan thui ah a kiakman ding innlo kan sak sawhsawh sual lai ttih a nung ngaingai. A bikin, Market, Shopping Mall le biakinn tibantuk hna hi zumhraih deuh tein kan sak khawh ahcun, Lihnin ca ah hna a ngam deuh ko hnga. Chanthar vawlei hi kan chim kho taktak lo. Kan kam te ah a ummi, Runva Fault hoi hna hi Thrust Fault asi ca ah a pehpeh in a pelh I, ai hnin kho phun asi. Kan Chinram ah Tsunami phan awk a um lo ti awk asi. Asinain, Mincim cu kan ca ah Tsunami bantuk asi. Fim a cawngmi kan mino hna nih kan Chinram vawlei kong hi tha deuh in study kan tuah piak rih u. Kan ram kan vawlei kan dawtnak le kan khurawmh nak cu a kong kan hngalh hi pakhat asi. Aralaimi chan le caan ah Chinram ah Lihnin fak kan tong te sual kho. Faktuk zong in kan tong sual kho ko. Kan fingtlang le kan ram hi him ko seh ti cu kan thlacam asi ko. Asinain, Nihin kan vawlei ai mah lo. Kan I ralrin a herh ko. Chinram him hram ko seh.

Catenh: Ka ca a sau ngantaw. A dih tiang a reltu na cungah kaalawm. Pumpak in Geology cawnnak ka ngei lo. Ka palh sualnak a um ahcun “kha zawn te kha na palh kha liai” tiah hun ka ca te ulaw kaa lawm chinchin ko hnga.

References:

(1) The 11th November 2012 Thabeikkyin earthquake, Ian Watkinson, Soe Thura Tun and Kuvvet Atakan, Project File.
(2) The Sagaing Fault, Myanmar: Soe Thura Tun and Ian M. Watkinson (Chapter 19) Geological Society, London, Memoirs.
(3) India–Myanmar Convergence, K.S. Valdiya, Jaishri Sanwal, in Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 2017.
(4) Strong quake in Myanmar: Wang Yu et al, 2012; Earth Observatory of Singapore.
(5) What is a fault and what are the different types?: USGS – Scince for a changing World.

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